The Ethics Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research - 1520 Words

Sirisha Chintalapati Mr. Gulyas American Government 16 December 2014 The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research In the 21st century, disease is rampant and for most diseases, we have no cure because we haven t researched them long enough to find a specialized cure. One option that we have is human embryonic stem cell (HESC) research. HESC research consists of using human embryonic stem cells, which are very flexible and adaptive to create the necessary cells to develop future cell-based therapies for currently untreatable diseases, such as leukemia, various types of cancer along with the regeneration of organs and tissues. There are multiple applications of stem cell research include being used to study the development of a complex organism, replace damaged cells and treat disease, study disease and they could provide a resource for testing new medical treatments. (What are the potential applications.) HESC research offers the â€Å"hope of cures for chronic and debilitating conditions, such as juvenile diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries an d blindness.† (Vestal.) On the other hand, this research also represents â€Å"a revolutionary path to discovering the causes and cures for many more human maladies.† (Vestal.) Stem cells were started being used for treatment during the late 1950’s but until 1996, there were no major political involvements. In 1996, the Dickey-Wicker Amendment was passed, named after the representatives Jay Dickey and RogerShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics And Procedures Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1902 Words   |  8 Pagesfrontier of human embryo stem cell research. Even the most noble ends do not justify any means.† This quote comes from former president George W. Bush during a radio conference where he discussed his decision to allow federal funds to be used for stem cell research only in cases where the embryos were not harmed. While still in the beginning stage of exploration, stem cell research, and more specifically embryonic stem cell research, has become a topic of g reat debate. The ethics and procedures involvedRead MoreChristian Ethics And Embryonic Stem Cell Research1252 Words   |  6 PagesChristian Ethics and Embryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cell research is important for further development in the medical field. It strongly supports the idea that every life has value, an idea known as human dignity. Human beings are created in the image and likeness of God, and thus, are all equal. The idea of radical equality before God leads us to think no less of someone regardless of their physical appearance, religious beliefs, cultural background, or anything else. It is throughRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research931 Words   |  4 Pages Embryonic stem cell research is the study of stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. For many years now, the ethics of embryonic stem cell research has been argued. A recent advance in this line of research is the ability to clone the embryonic stem cells, which allows for researchers to create a completely compatible embryonic stem cell to the individual’s tissue type. Though this new science may be very beneficial, not everyone can agree on the ethics ofRead MoreStem Cell Research Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthe research teams of the EuroStemCell project teach in their educational short film A Stem Cell Story, there are certain stages of development while in the uterus where most of our cells stop dividing and stabilize into a specific kind of cell. They do not mutate throughout our life. These cells are referred to as specialized cells. Once they are damaged or die they cannot regenerate themselves. There is one kind of cell that never specializes during development. They are called stem cells andRead MorePerson Vs Professional Ethics On The Embryonic Stem Cell Study1169 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Law Ethics Jimmy Ellis Person vs Professional Ethics on the Embryonic stem cell study 2/15/2017 Miller Motte College, NC The study of the Embryonic Stem Cell is a new interactive way of treatment The embryonic stem cell is a great medical study and medical opportunity in the medical society that we live in today. As a medical care provider I know the in the medical world it has its challenges that are associated with different reproductive technology. With the new medical research on the embryonicRead MoreRights Based Ethics And Stem Cell Research878 Words   |  4 Pages Rights Based Ethics and Stem Cell Research When talking about ethics, we have theoretical ethics and applied ethics. Those these two are different they, are also connected. Theoretical ethics can be defined as the theoretical study of the main concepts and methods of ethics(Ward). This is, basically, studying the ethical language, the concepts, beliefs, and the reasoning of certain ethical theories. Applied ethics are defined as the application and evaluation of the principles that guideRead More Embryonic Stem Cell Research: How does it affect you? Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pages Embryonic Stem Cell Research: How does it affect you? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Embryonic stem cell research is widely controversial in the scientific world. Issues on the ethics of Embryonic Stem (ES) cell research have created pandemonium in our society. The different views on this subject are well researched and supportive. The facts presented have the capability to support or possibly change the public’s perspective. This case study is based on facts and concernsRead MoreStem Cell Research: The Debate Over Federal Funding Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research: Pro-Federal Funding The Alliance for Aging Research is a non-profit organization that promotes the use of federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. As an agency geared toward improving the health of human beings as they age, some of their responsibilities include lobbying for federal legislation, conducting studies and surveys, and creating and distributing educational materials to health care professionals and the public. With Baby Boomers closely reachingRead MoreIs Stem Cell Research Ethical?1252 Words   |  6 Pages Is Stem Cell Research Ethical? The question that has been asked so many times, is stem cell research ethical? To argue ethics over this topic, one must first know what a stem cell is.Stem Cells are â€Å"cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells† (Stem Cell Basics: Introduction). The National Institutes of Health say that stem cells are distinguished for two different reasons. The first is â€Å"they are unspecialized cells capable of renewingRead MoreStem Cell Research Summary Article1058 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Summary Article By Lizika Marrà ©e-Mills What are stem cells? Stem cells are identical cells that can characterize into specialized cell types. Most stem cells come from two main sources; embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. 1. TwoTypesofStemCells a. Embryonic stem cells i. These are pluripotent cells. This means their main function is to make any other cell in the body. These cells are made from ones found in early human embryos, which are called blastocysts. ii. Embryonic

Herzberg s Theories About Motivation Essay - 991 Words

Herzberg established his theories about motivation in workplace in 1959. The findings of his studies suggest that job satisfaction (and motivation) and job dissatisfaction are not the opposite of each other and are made up of different factors. (Herzberg, 2011) â€Å"The opposite of job satisfaction is not job dissatisfaction but, rather, no job satisfaction; and similarly, the opposite of job dissatisfaction is not job satisfaction, but no job dissatisfaction.† (Herzberg, 2011) There are two different set of needs for a human being according to Herzberg – the basic biological needs (hygiene factors) and the unique psychological needs (motivator factors). Hygiene factors includes salary, security, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, work-life balance etc. Motivator factors includes achievement, responsibility, advancement, growth and recognition etc. His studies showed that the majority of the factors contributing to job satisfaction were motivators while majority of the factors contributing to job dissatisfaction were hygiene factors. (Herzberg, 2011) People evolve as the world become more complex and technology become more advance. This means that traditional view of organization as machines and employees being cogs in the machine is no longer valid in today’s society. Employees are living beings with individual set of values, motivation and goals who when organized properly can work collectively to realize the objectives of the organisation more robustly andShow MoreRelatedMotivation Theories Of A Diverse Workforce During Times Of Change Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership, Motivation, Change Introduction In this paper two motivation theories in a diverse workforce during times of change will be discuss. Differences, including theoretical premises, between two models will be explained. Details relates to challenges and opportunities in a diverse workforce will identified. Strategies to keep a workforce motivated during organizational change will be point out. Two Motivation Theories To begin this discuss a definition of motivation is presentedRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1741 Words   |  7 Pagesis discuss on the two theories: The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs include five levels, and at the certain extent, reflect the rule of human s activities on psychological and behavior. Herzberg’ describe the more details of worker agree or disagree about working. In this essay, more related knowledge details and effects will de described, then, analysis the two theories individual, choose a better one. II. Describe the two theories. 2.1Maslow’s hierarchyRead MoreManagement Theories1287 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as management theory, the significant being Frederick Taylor s Principles of Scientific Management which involved the development of training workers through special incentives and compensation (Boone p.33). In general, early management scientists tended to believe that there was a single way to organize companies and manage employees. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were initial attempts for launching a systematic and scientific study of management; by the 1950 s, there were multipleRead MoreMotivating Employee Motivation For The Success Of An Organization1003 Words   |  5 PagesAn important factor that contributes to the success of an organization is employee motivation. Organizational size complexity, competition due to globalization, advancement in information technology has led managers to try to figure out ways to motivate employees to get the most out of them to stay comp etitive. Motivating employees is a challenging task as organization must deal with the diverse work force. Employees change their jobs frequently when employers don’t meet certain expectationsRead MoreThe Importance Of Motivation And Its Outcomes1069 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation is one of the most important aspects of an effective organization. The saying, â€Å"happy wife happy life,† can help explain the importance of motivation and its outcomes in a comedic approach. If the â€Å"happy wife† is thought as â€Å"happy employees,† then the results would produce a more enjoyable and productive organization. This analogy is a way to think about how important the happiness of others can affect the big picture. Creating an environment and culture that is internally and externallyRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of The Assessment Of Your Psycap1403 Words   |  6 Pages Using Strengths to Increase Motivation Upon completing the PsyCap self-assessment, I received a feedback of â€Å"High level† in all of the categories. Just like the Big Five assessment, I was unsure what the assessments had to do with my efforts in work, until I dug deeper into the reading material; in which, changed my perspective on the assessments. According to Fred Luthans a professor at University of Nebraska, states â€Å"those with high levels of positive psychological capital, also known as, â€Å"PsyCap†Read MoreThe Importance Of Motivation And Motivation Theory1401 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance. Therefore motivation is one of the most complex and important topics in industrial and organizational psychology (Smither ,1997). The main purpose of this essay is to explain different kinds of motivation and why it is necessary, and create a proper motivation mechanism for the company. On the one hand, I studied current research and research different motivation theories. On the other hand, I will compare the common and different things among these motivation theories, and try to findRead MoreApple Took Advantage Of The Great Recession1586 Words   |  7 Pageslow prices of the parts, rather than downsizing. Apple had adapted to the market change by developing the app revolution, where developers (most of them are apple’s customers) can design and program their own apps and generate profits, which added about 300,000 jobs to the U.S. economy. They also provided app developers with the tools and distribution they need to bring their best ideas to tens of millions of its customers worldwide. Sharing their customers with developing their products build aRead MoreThe Current And Predominant Trend Of Job Satisfaction And Work Motivation873 Words   |  4 Pagessatisfaction and work motivation along with the organizational commitment around the world, but when we check on local evidences we came to know about the scarcity of the information in this particular area. According to well managed establishments such as Starbucks; the most important factor of quality and productivity are workers. An efficient organization will recommend a concept of commitment and satisfaction among its workers at all times. There are many motivational theories such as Maslow HierarchyRead MoreMotivation, The, Health, And Wellness Company Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pages2.5 motivational internal - Charlotte Cowie Motivation is the will to work. This comes from the enjoyment of the work itself and/or from the desire to achieve certain goals. There are many ways in which a manager goes about increasing motivation to improve many aspects of the business such as efficiency. My chosen business to study is Nestle. Nestle is the world s leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness company. Nestlà © New Zealand is a subsidiary of Nestlà © SA, www.nestle.com. Within the New Zealand

State of Nature Essay Example For Students

State of Nature Essay Robbie Dagg4/22/99State of NatureTo trigger off any philosophy on what should be the characteristics of the state wemust first imagine living in a state of nature (living with the lack of a state). Since wecannot trace back to any time that weve been without government, we must imagine whatit would be like in a state of nature. What are people like with the absence of a state? therehave been many views in answering this question, therefore there have been manydifferences in views for what the ideal state should be and serve as. A character of a state is described to best remedy for the deficiency of the Stateof Nature, as Hobbes came up with his pessimistic state of nature in which life is solitary,poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Hobbes view started off when he stated that the firstprinciple of human behavior was egoism, or self-interest, and it was this egoism, that wasthe root of all social conflict. Although Hobbes stated that all people are roughly equal,still, if someone has more, others have less. The insecurity regarding what you can keepleads to violence. where there are no restraints on peoples actions, it leads to the war ofall against all says Hobbes. So, Hobbes is basically saying, any state is better than thestate of nature, be glad that the state is there. Even if it is a corrupt state, you will benefitmore from the corrupt state than you would from the State of Nature which is completelylawless. However, this vision of society which leaves power out of the hands of the peopleand leads to criticisms from philosophers such as Locke and Rousseau, who countersHobbes with their own ideas of the state of nature. In Lockes State of Nature theState of Nature is ordered by the Laws of Nature, including your Natural Rights to Life,Liberty, and Property. If a man works a piece of land and makes it better and morevaluable or useful, it becomes his property. This possession can only be freely contractedaway to others, and government. Although Locke said that the political society is theresult of agreements made between people living in a State of Nature, he says that thestate must have permission by a person to enforce the law on him, however if you acquireany property which falls under the jurisdiction of the state, you thereby become a tacitmember of that state. Thus, by using the benefits of the state, you have consented to beinga member of the state. On a more liberal and appealing philosophy than both Locke andHobbes, Rousseau maintained that human beings were essentially good and equal in theState of Nature but were corrupted by the introduction of property, agriculture, science,and commerce. People entered into a social contract among themselves, establishinggovernments and educational systems to correct the inequalities brought about by the riseof civilization. All of the differences between Rousseaus theories when compared toLocke and Hobbes, begin with different interpretations of the state of nature. SinceHobbes had the impression that all people were egoists and were only interested in theirown good, he figured it would lead to the war of all against all, therefore anygovernment was better than the state of nature. Locke believed that most people gotalong pretty well for the most part by rational intuition, but were always a few badapples in the group that forced others to give up their natural rights in a law system inorder to be able to punish the exceptions in the society. Rousseau criticizes Hobbes andLocke by saying that they werent really looking at the real State of Nature, and that allof the negative qualities of human beings that they had mentioned to be present in theState of Nature was in fact, a quality brought on by the state of their time. TheRousseau version of the State of Nature differs greatly from Locke, but from Hobbesespecially, in that he makes no mention of the constant fear which Hobbes believed wouldcontrol mans life in the state of nature, rather he de scribes the State of Nature as pleasantand peaceful. .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba , .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba .postImageUrl , .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba , .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba:hover , .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba:visited , .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba:active { border:0!important; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba:active , .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4182afba669506d4f8c21dd26d3f05ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal Cruelty Essay He described the people in this primitive state as living free, healthy, honestand happy lives, and felt that man was timid, and would always avoid conflict, rather thanseek it out. So

The Portrayal of the Body as a Medium of Culture in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange Essay Example

The Portrayal of the Body as a Medium of Culture in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange Paper The clockwork metaphor has long been used as a tradition of Western science as a means of portraying a condition in which human behavior is modified to the extent that it is plausible to predict as well as control human behavior. Stanley Kubrick’s adaptation of Anthony Burgess’ novel A Clockwork Orange presents a scenario in which such a condition is enabled in society. A central message of Kubrick’s aforementioned film lies in its emphasis on the necessity to scrutinize the assumption that both science and the state may be considered as the guardians of human civilization. The movie’s story follows the escapades of Alex, a reasonably intelligent young criminal and his three gang members, Pete, Georgie, and Dim. As they drink milk with narcotics, the gang spends their evenings entertaining themselves with ‘ultra-violent’ acts. As the movie develops, one is presented with examples of these ‘ultra-violent’ acts which involve beating a homeless man, raping another gang, as well as beating and raping a woman. We will write a custom essay sample on The Portrayal of the Body as a Medium of Culture in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Portrayal of the Body as a Medium of Culture in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Portrayal of the Body as a Medium of Culture in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is the later act which led to Alex’s imprisonment and later on involvement in a voluntary behavior modification experiment which conditioned him to associate pain with sex and violence thereby turning Alex into an individual devoid of free will and a model member of society, hence ‘a clockwork orange’. This modification of Alex’s behavior however turned him into a victim of social retribution, the experience of which led him into an attempt to commit suicide. After such an attempt, Alex was once again placed in the control of the state who decided to undo the effects of his earlier behavior modification. The movie ends with a portrayal of Alex who was once again in possession of his free will filled with thoughts of the various ways in which he may once again commit ‘ultra-violent’ acts. The movie ends with Alex menacingly stating, â€Å"I was cured all right† (Kubrick np). Stanley Kubrick’s A Clock Work Orange may thereby be seen as presenting a narrative of an individual who experiences four subject positions: Alex as a criminal, Alex as a convict, Alex as a patient, and Alex as a citizen. Through his shift from one subject position to another, Alex experiences different modes of power and at the same time different modes of subjectivity. It is interesting to note that by enabling the different shifts in power through Alex’s character, the movie was able to portray the different points in which subjectivity is shaped in an individual. In line with this, what makes Alex’s character interesting are not his physical traits but the different traits which have been ascribed upon him as a result of the constitution of his personality by the rules and norms of the different institutions that gained access and control over Alex’s body. Alex may thereby be seen as an entity who presents the film’s spectator with the different ways in which the body stands as a medium of culture as it derives its meanings from the social constructs of the body determined by its position within society. Susan Bordo, in â€Å"The Body and the Reproduction of Femininity†, emphasizes the manner in which the body becomes a ‘powerful symbolic force’. She states, â€Å"The body†¦is a powerful symbolic force, a surface on which the central rules, hierarchies, and even metaphysical commitments of culture are inscribed and thus reinforced through the concrete language of the body† (Bordo 162). Bordo’s claim regarding the body’s existence as a powerful symbolic force and a mirror of culture is based on the assumption that the body is defined by the social constructs of society. Such a definition however occurs not merely by placing emphasis on the physical property of the body but also by placing emphasis on the mental property of the body. In â€Å"Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body†, Bordo argues that the body is defined in terms of a dualistic conception of reality which perceives the body as an entity which is â€Å"something apart from the true self†¦and as undermining the best efforts of that self† (5). The body is thereby depicted as an entity composed of a physical component and a mental component. The physical component adheres to the scientific conception of the body as â€Å"a purely mechanical, biologically programmed system that can be fully quantified and (in theory) controlled† (Bordo 4). The mental component of the body, on the other hand, adheres to the conception of the body which refers to the self or an individual’s identity. According to Bordo, Western philosophy has traditionally perceived the physical component of the body as that which must necessarily be controlled by the mental component of the body (Bordo 2). The problem with such a view however is evident if one considers that the conception of the mental component of the body is based upon the physical component of the body. In the case of women, for example, this is evident in the identification of the physical component of the female body with sexuality and the mental component of the female body with irrationality. Bordo argues that this distinction between the mind and the body has pervaded the social construction of both the male and female figure and as such its â€Å"continuing historical power and pervasiveness†¦ (enables) certain cultural images and ideolog(ies) to†¦ (make) not just men but also women†¦vulnerable† (Bordo 7-8). The continuation of a dualistic conception of reality leads to the vulnerability of both men and women as it enables the proliferation of certain social constructs which identifies the male and female body with particular identities. Dualism enables the perpetuation of these identities as it emphasizes the impossibility of enabling the union between both the physical and mental components of an individual. In â€Å"We the Other Victorians†, Michel Foucault argues that this adherence to dualism is a discursive strategy of certain social groups that enables them to take control of the body. He states, The central issue, then†¦ is not to determine whether one says yes or no†¦, whether one formulates prohibitions or permissions, whether one asserts its importance or denies its effect, or whether one refines the words one uses to designate†¦; but to account for the fact that it is spoken about, to discover who does the speaking, the position and viewpoints from which they speak, the institutions which prompt people to speak about it and which store and distribute the things that are said. What is at issue†¦is the overall â€Å"discursive fact†. (Foucault 11) David Gauntlett (2002) in his discussion of Michel Foucault’s work in his book Media, Gender, and Identity, emphasizes that this characterizes the earlier phase of Foucault’s thought wherein he places emphasis on how institutions create and proliferate certain images of groups in order to enable the control of these groups. He states, â€Å"the discourses of institutions, and their formally recognized ‘experts’ work to constrain certain groups (by) limiting their opportunities by promoting certain views about them† (Gauntlett 116). In line with the importance Foucault places on the predominant discourse in society in determining the mode of power on the subject, one might state that Foucault understands the emphasis on dualism as a manifestation of society’s desire to limit the positive power of the subject by leading him to believe that his physical properties or condition determine his identity and since society perceives individual X to possess a Y identity as opposed to a Z identity, it follows that is impossible for the individual to possess a Z identity [e. g. females ought to be feminine and males ought to be masculine and hence females cannot be masculine]. In the case of Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange, this is evident in the character of Alex mentioned above as Alex’s identity was determined by the conditions of the physical component of his body. As was mentioned in the initial part of the paper, Alex was able to experience four subject positions: Alex as a criminal, Alex as a convict, Alex as a patient, and Alex as a citizen. It is important to note that all these subject positions are determined by the actions on or upon the physical component of his body. For example, Alex’s subject position as a criminal was determined by his freedom from the constraints of the law which enabled him to commit violent actions towards others. On the other hand, Alex’s subject position as a convict and as a patient was determined by the level of control that the system possessed upon Alex’s body. Finally, Alex’s subject position as a citizen was determined by the effects of his position as a transformed body. It is important that this transition from one subject position to another mirrors Bordo emphasis on the social construction of the subject. This is apparent if one considers that Alex’s subject position was determined by the institution which has control over his body and hence the manipulation of this institution upon Alex’s physical body has led to the manipulation of the conception of Alex’s self or Alex’s identity. These changes enabled by Alex’s shift from one subject position to another is also in line with Foucault’s emphasis on the way in which discourse manifests the modes of power prevalent within society as well as the individual’s access to these modes of power. Consider for example that Alex’s transition to a citizen stands as a result of his transformation from being a subject acting with and upon others to a slave or object for others to act upon. By being submerged within the different discourses and hence different modes of power that delimit the individual’s positive freedom, Alex was turned into a body that was stripped of his initial identity that was not controlled by society and hence he has turned into a subject defined by society itself as he has been manipulated and molded in order to gain his final subject position as a citizen. Within this context, one might note that the body becomes a medium of culture as the body stands as the means through which culture controls the subject. By advocating associations between the physical and mental component of the body, society enables the control of the individual as it delineates the individual to one particular identity hence as can be seen above Alex cannot occupy the subject position of a convict and citizen at the same time. The problem with this is evident if one considers the intersectionality of identity which refers to the possibility in which an individual may have one or more characteristics of another group [e. g Alex’s subject position as a patient still enables him to occupy the subject position of a citizen]. To assume that an individual is delimited to one identity as a result of his physical properties amounts to a form of hasty generalization which fails to account for the complexity of the human being and his ability to occupy different positions within society. Works Cited Bordo, Susan. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Eds. Susan Bordo and Leslie Heywood. California: U of California P. , 2004. Foucault, Michel. â€Å"We the Other Victorians. † The History of Sexuality. Volume One. New York: Penguin Books, 1988. Gauntlett, David. â€Å"Michel Foucault: Discourses and Lifestyles. † Media, Gender, and Identity: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2002. Kubrick, Stanley. A Clockwork Orange. Perf. Malcolm McDowell. Np, 1971.

Implementation of Recommendations

Objectives and purpose of the report The objective of this reflective report is to establish the relationship between various labor issues as component of decision science in management. The paper reflects on how motivation and participatory decision making processes impact on performance of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Implementation of Recommendations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary of important recommendation According to Bruce (1999), the best way to motivate employees is by giving them responsibilities for achieving something and the authority to do it in their own way. Through this approach, employees will be empowered and they will feel trusted and valued by the management personnel and the company as a whole. Naturally, human beings would wish for motivation through mutual consent and internalized empowerment and appreciation (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 27). Empowerment unleashes plenty of energy and motivation (Bruce, 60). Reflectively, the motivational and energy aspects of appreciation functions simultaneously at micro and macro levels to facilitate optimal functionality or productivity. Empowering employees ensures a stable and sustainable a win-win situation as employees will be motivated to work without much supervision from the management or their supervisors. When properly incorporated within and without different departmental segmentations as an active component of the company goals and vision, the complete manger between the management and other staff will contribute to value addition, good performance and healthy working environment (Bruce, 62). In the end, the employees will form happy intra and inter personal working relationships and appreciate the need for quality service delivery along the production process channel. From the previous study conducted, the most important recommendations are summarized as stated below: To empower the employees to participate more in the decision making process To create more motivational programs involving outdoor activities such as sporting. Illustration of the existing process The process of motivating employees currently being used by the Bank can be represented using a data flow diagram as shown below. Figure 1.2 Data Flow Diagram for the process of employee motivationAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The diagram above illustrates the existing process of employee motivation. The motivational activities are predetermined by the management. The activities entail use of suggestion boxes, points rewards programs, get motivated programs, use of employee evaluation forms, sporting activities and get together parties. The end result is a team of motivated employees. Problems and ways of changing them From the previous study, there were still some problems with the moti vational activities used by management. For instance, certain programs were viewed as a source of discouragement to employees while others were most preferred. For example, employee evaluation forms were seen as a doorway to retrenchment incase the employee was found liable. From the sample picked, 75% rejected use of this method as a way of motivation. Further, the management was unable to motivate and retain employees with medicine qualifications. However, this was based on the assumption that maybe the employees with medicine qualifications were not well motivated to work in the banking environment and it was a wrong career choice for them therefore they had no choice but to quit. Process of changing the problems From the analysis above, there are two major problems that are inherent with the existing system. First, some motivational activities are not accepted by the staff members and the Bank was unable to motivate some employees especially those with medicine qualifications. I n order to change the problems, the Bank has involved the staff members in decision making process. The employees are part of the evaluation program. The human resource department engages the employees in setting their own targets and they also agree on the interval for evaluation. Further, the design of the evaluation form is changed to reflect what best suit the management and the employees. With this improvement, the employees are aware of what is expected of them during the evaluation period. Further, they are more prepared for the evaluations and therefore there is likely to be minimal resistance as compared to the earlier situation. The Bank may also be in a position to attract and retain the employees with medical qualifications by engaging the decision making. The employees may be given the freedom to choose duties that would keep them motivated.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Implementation of Recommendations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diagram illustrating new process after the recommendations From the above diagram we note that the employees are involved in the decision making process. Therefore, the motivational activities are as agreed by both the management and the employees. The end result is a motivated workforce and delighted managers. Benefit expected from each recommendation The table below summarizes the benefits expected from each recommendation Recommendation Benefit 1 Empowering employees to participate more in the decision making process Motivated employees who have authority and responsibilities. More positive with decisions made and therefore much acceptance and commitment in the implementation process. 2 Creating more motivational programs involving outdoor activities such as sporting. Physically fit employees. Upon empowering employees to participate more in the decision making process, culture of independence in reasoning and consultative ap proach when handling work related duties will be internalized. In fact, the employees will appreciate the need for free consultation rather than doing the same as a condition imposed on them by their superiors. In the process of carrying out consultative functionalism, the mind will be tuned to appreciate the need for flexibility in decision making science which is compatible with the goals and vision of the organization. In addition, the entire workforce operating under this approach is likely to positively embrace change element that may be introduced in the organization. Irrespective of the consequences of the change element, the dynamic essence of change proponent would not facilitate any state of quagmire or conflict as the unnecessary pressure associated with change would be integrated. Moreover, creation of more involving motivational activities outside the work schedule would facilitate team building and the spirit of self discipline. For instance, recreational activities su ch as an organizations sports day involve planning direct participation by all stakeholders of an organization.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During such activities, employees are either divided in groups or assigned a part to perform. To make this more interesting, the management could involve themselves in this as equals. Repeat of such fun days minimizes pressure and inferiority complex that might be hiding in the workforce due to the bureaucratic hierarchy ladder. In the end, the concept of physical, mental, and social heath would be activated and the company is likely to benefit from the same especially on the facets of value addition as a result of good health and fitness. Action Plan Across the globe, organizations irrespective of their sizes or nature of activity they perform have direct need for top performance and optimal service delivery within sustainable and friendly limits. Supported by strong decision making science, the project of motivational functioning depends upon effective management strategies presented in a quantifiable action plan (Bloom, 30). In order to actualize the above recommendations, that i s, empowering employees to participate in decision making and organizing recreational activities, proper research should be developed to streamline goal setting as a factor of friendly working environment and motivation (Bloom, 32). Thus, an implementation action plan specifically focuses on goals identification which is effective on performance orientation and motivational improvement. The table below represents the components of an action plan for the implementation of motivational insight recommendations. Components of an action plan includes: feedback channel, goal setting (specific and difficult), exception criterion, and evaluation of success or failure. Motivational Recommendation Goal setting Feedback Channel Exception Criteria Evaluation Criteria Empowering employees to participate more in the decision making process Setting relatively hard assignments that are attainable and allowing employees to brainstorm and consult on the same. Workforce training. Establishing a c onfidential suggestion box for complaints and complements. Improving on communication network system and intranet. Creating interactive sessions for the workforce Defining the privacy parameter and expected code of conduct. Establishing the organization culture and ethics. Limiting the scope of activities to contain only relevant training Analyzing feedbacks from suggestion boxes Review of performance periodically after every stage of implementation. Carrying out random but inclusive sampling using questionnaires Creating more motivational programs involving outdoor activities such as sporting. Fixing motivational programs in annual calendar. Designing awards to be given in every event Encouraging medical tests and physical stamina. Performance comparison between teams. Defining the scope and making these activities part of performance responsibility. Defining limits for responsive training Testing team spirit and insight. In empowering employees to participate more in the deci sion making process, the organization should source for expertise training on consultative decision making process. This expert will impart skills directly to the management and entire workforce. In the process of implementing this recommendation, training manager should be assigned the duty of organizing the workforce into groups and following up the success or failure of the training (Bowman, 23). During the training process, simple activities such as solving puzzles and brainstorming in different topics are encouraged. In addition, every member of the workforce is expected to participate actively by assigning roles which are balloted. The implementation should be done in three phases with the first phase actively involving an outsourced expert in the field of decision making. After a fortnight, the management should then design in house programs as a continuation of the first stage. In the last stage, the entire workforce is encouraged to internalize the concept initially introdu ced and deactivate fear and inferiority complex when addressing issues of interest to the organization and at personal level (Landsdale, 22). Though this process should be continuous, the active part should not run for more than four months from commencement at a budget less than four percent of the company’s net revenue. In implementing the recommendation on motivation through participatory activities, the organization should factor in those activities which involve the entire workforce. For instance, in the above example, the sporting event should be drawn in the annual timetable and everyone is to be encouraged to participate wholesomely. As the sporting event commences, management and the workforce may operate as small teams competing for prizes as designed by the organizing committee. The organizing committee has power to decide on the prize to offer in consultation with the training manager. In the process of practicing this, team building and motivation spirit is reviv ed and the entire personnel are likely to feel appreciated (Bowman, 21). Reflectively, a motivated workforce performs optimally within little or no supervision as work related activities are internalized and personalized. When the need to achieve is incorporated in the performance index, the organization is destined for sustainable productivity. Action Plan Tabular representation Motivational Recommendation Required Resources Leadership responsibility Steps taken Barriers Performance Indicators Time taken Empowering employees to participate more in the decision making process Outsourced expert. Training materials. Group leaders –implementing. Training manager-evaluation. Periodic training. Interactive forums Educational levels. Authority and responsibility Analyzing feedbacks from suggestion boxes 3 months Creating more motivational programs involving outdoor activities such as sporting. Sporting facilities. Entire workforce participation. Team leaders Team captains. O verall captain. Initiating sports day in the calendar. Resource allocation for awards Convincing the workforce to embrace the event. Divergent interest on sporting activities Testing team spirit and insight. continuous Summary In summery, these recommendations would directly impact on the feedback channel as employees will have motivational power to proactively participate in decision making process. As a result, the learning oriented process will facilitate optimal performance which is specific to the goals and desires of the company as the workforce would have the feeling of being appreciated and recognized for every outstanding performance. In addition, these recommendations facilitate detrimental creativity and positive attitude in organizational environment. In an organization setting, the need to motivate workers is essential to management team who aim at optimizing output within sustainable human resource functioning. Generally, when these recommendations are actualized in the management system, companies are capable of predicting or forecasting the future and pillars of operation at optimal level. Employee motivation is necessary in managing labor retention. Works Cited Bloom, Paula. Circle of Influence: Implementing Shared Decision Making and Participative Management. Lake Forest, IL: New Horizons, 2004. Print. Bowman, Singh. â€Å"Corporate restructuring: Reconfiguring the firm.† Strategic Management Journal 1.4 (2003): 5–14. Web. Bruce, Ann. â€Å"Helping employees to accept responsibility for motivation.† Motivating employees 1.2 (1999): 59-72. Web. Landsdale, Bruce. Cultivating Inspired Leaders: Making Participatory Management  Work. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 2000. Print. Saunders, Mark., Lewis, P, and Thornhill, R. Research Methods for Business Students. New York: Pearson Education, 2009. Print. This report on Implementation of Recommendations was written and submitted by user Tomas Robinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Leadership Development Plan

Self Assessment Strengths: Strength’s that I posses are very important when in becoming a great leader. The strength’s that I posses are good listening skills, persuasion, determination, compassion, honesty, and respect. I feel that in order to be a leader, listening is just as important as talking. When people take the time to listen they may learn new information that they never knew before. What I do, is instead of missing out on something I like to take in all the information that I can and then combine it with my own so that I can produce a much clearer image when I speak. My second strength persuasion, is a key role in being a leader to me. If subordinates have a different idea then their leader does, persuasion has to be executed in order for the group to accomplish the task on hand. Determination, which is my strongest strength, helps motivate me to succeed and be good at what I do. It helps me to complete my task without any hesitation. When there is something that I want to accomplish m y determination makes me work as hard as I can in order to be successful. My fourth strength, compassion helps me creates a comfortable atmosphere letting the people around me know that I care and that if there is anything wrong I am here to help. Honesty and respect both are my way of getting to know people better. When I first meet a person I let them know nothing but the truth, so that from the beginning they know that this man is sincere and that he is trustworthy of a friendship. Respect has to be earned, but to me I always give respect when I meet a person and from then on it can either go up or it can go down whichever way that person wants it. Weaknesses: Weaknesses that I posses are easy to manage and can be controlled if I take the time to work on them. Weaknesses that I have are laziness, having a short attentio... Free Essays on Leadership Development Plan Free Essays on Leadership Development Plan Self Assessment Strengths: Strength’s that I posses are very important when in becoming a great leader. The strength’s that I posses are good listening skills, persuasion, determination, compassion, honesty, and respect. I feel that in order to be a leader, listening is just as important as talking. When people take the time to listen they may learn new information that they never knew before. What I do, is instead of missing out on something I like to take in all the information that I can and then combine it with my own so that I can produce a much clearer image when I speak. My second strength persuasion, is a key role in being a leader to me. If subordinates have a different idea then their leader does, persuasion has to be executed in order for the group to accomplish the task on hand. Determination, which is my strongest strength, helps motivate me to succeed and be good at what I do. It helps me to complete my task without any hesitation. When there is something that I want to accomplish m y determination makes me work as hard as I can in order to be successful. My fourth strength, compassion helps me creates a comfortable atmosphere letting the people around me know that I care and that if there is anything wrong I am here to help. Honesty and respect both are my way of getting to know people better. When I first meet a person I let them know nothing but the truth, so that from the beginning they know that this man is sincere and that he is trustworthy of a friendship. Respect has to be earned, but to me I always give respect when I meet a person and from then on it can either go up or it can go down whichever way that person wants it. Weaknesses: Weaknesses that I posses are easy to manage and can be controlled if I take the time to work on them. Weaknesses that I have are laziness, having a short attentio...

Racial profiling in the war on terrorism Research Paper

Racial profiling in the war on terrorism - Research Paper Example The racial profiling policy as a government activity directed on suspects of especially racial group has raised several ethical concerns both in America and in the rest of the world. The policy faces rejection from the advocates of equality in justice. Those rejecting racial profiling argue that the policy is unconstitutional and deprives equal treatment and protection of all people under one constitution. The policy allowed scrutiny and favoritism among different racial groups that exist in the America soil. Interviews conducted by law enforcement officials on foreigners’ especially foreign students in US colleges raised concerns on the moral issues. Following the December 2005 interviews on the students joining the US colleges, the local police chiefs reacted by resisting to cooperate with the federal officers terming the act as a violation of departmental policy and local state laws. The policy violates the civil and privacy rights of the passengers. The system requires the creation of stereotypes based on the existing information thus subjecting the communities such as the Arab and Muslim groups to scrutiny and suspicion. The Muslims group’s rights in America have been denied their equality right as American citizens based on the stereotyping policy raised by the racial profiling security system. Other than the Muslim communities, racial profiling focuses on black people as criminals rather than the victims of crime. The policy has underestimated the tendency of the white people to commit crimes the black people commit. This policy thus views the white people as victims of terrorism and ignores the poor blacks who are equally prone to terrorist attacks thus promoting the idea that blacks are immune to the terrorist attacks. The profiling policy promotes feelings of inferiority and superiority among the

Harry potter Community Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harry potter Community - Assignment Example Fantasy and illusion may hide these realities but they exist and I know that for sure. Perhaps this is the reason why I see myself in him. Why I am comfortable and at ease to write about this as my discourse community. I can identify with him and his world. If it weren’t for the timely response of the nephew, Harry, a person listening in on the conversation would not have known of the reason why that day was considered by Mr. Vernon as the best day of the week. So what if there is no post on Sundays? The family does not like receiving letters? Are they angry at the postman? – These are just some of the questions that the listener to the conversation would ask. The truth is, the reason goes deeper and is even uglier than the answers to these simple, innocent and trivial questions. Mr. Vernon likes receiving letters for that meant that people liked him well enough to write to him. He feels important when he receives letters. When he found out that his nephew, a â€Å"nobody† and a person who just eats scraps from his table and wears his old oversized clothes were receiving letters that angered him. How could a â€Å"nobody† be more important than him? Because of his mounting anger, he took to getting the letters addressed to the nephew from the postman and burning them. A tedious task for he had to wait for the postman. He has been doing this for a week now and he truly felt relieved that he would not be doing it again that day. On this day, the nephew was standing near the window awaiting orders as if he was a footman. He was not allowed to sit on the chairs in the living room. A privilege enjoyed only by the immediate family. This unspoken rule was meant to show hierarchies in the household. When the conversation began it was just between the immediate family. To further emphasize the exclusivity or the

The Language of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Language of Leadership - Essay Example There are five appropriate methods of ensuring that the organization’s workforce harmoniously undertakes the tasks in accordance to the set rules and regulations, and in the absence of coercion. Modern leaders should serve as the center nerve of distributing favorable prepositions to the entire organization. Through the sharing of objectives, leaders set an equated and united organizations as the subjects realize their equated importance and choose to work in teamwork (Kadalie, 2006). Therefore, leaders may apply the collaboration and sharing techniques to ensure teamwork and united performances of tasks in a friendly environment. These variables shall eventually serve to ensure that all performances interrelate directly to the leader’s vision of the organization (Schmid, 2009). Other factors that leaders may use in ensuring that leaders may use to recognize talents of the others include democratic, and dispersed approaches whereby the subjects are able to express their feelings and propose the various methods that they feel as appropriate in undertaking specific tasks. Lastly, leaders may use the dispersion techniques to stimulate integration and the realization of talents amongst his subjects in the organization (Halpern, & Lubar, 2003). Mainly, a leader serves as integral in stimulating performances to excellence and ensuring that all their

Flow in Pipe Network Analysed Using Hardy Cross Method

Flow in Pipe Network Analysed Using Hardy Cross Method Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Procedure for Hardy Cross method: 3.0 Flow in Pipe Network analysed using Hardy Cross method 4.0 Advantages 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 References 1.0 Introduction Piping networks have quite a wide range of practical applications, from water and gas distribution systems to air conditioning installations. Although simple problems, such as for instance, a single branch connecting two reservoirs, may be solved analytically, more complex network problems need an iterative approach, recurring to a digital computer. The most popular method for solving this type of problems is the Hardy-Cross method. The Hardy Cross method is an iterative method for determining the flow in pipe network systems where the input and output flows are known, but the flow inside the network is unknown. Also, the pipe length, diameter, roughness and other key characteristics should be known. Before the method was introduced, solving complex pipe systems for distribution was extremely difficult due to the nonlinear relationship between head loss and flow. Water distribution system models have become very important and practical tool for civil engineers. Models are often used to optimize the design of new distribution systems or analyze major extensions or modifications to existing distribution systems. The introduction of the Hardy Cross method for analyzing pipe flow networks revolutionized  municipal water supply design (Pdhengineer.com, 2014). The Hardy Cross method is normally used as the pipe network analysis by most engineers. Computer models help engineers to solve difficult situations, namely: What is the maximum fire flow at a given point in the system? How long can that fire flow be provided for? What size pipe installation would be necessary between two points in a system to increase the pressure at one of the points to the minimum pressure required? If a subdivision or commercial development is built, will adequate pressures and flows exist? If not, what length and size of water mains must be upgraded by the developer to allow for the proposed construction? 2.0 Procedure for Hardy Cross method: This method is applicable to closed-loop pipe networks. The outflows from the system are assumed to occur at the nodes, where a node is the end of each pipe. This assumption would therefore result uniform flow in the pipelines distribution systems. The Hardy-Cross analysis is based on the principles that At each junction, the total inflow must be equal to total outflow. Head balance criterion: algebraic sum of the head losses around any closed-loop is zero. For a given pipe system, with known junction outflows, the Hardy-Cross method is an iterative procedure based on initially estimated flows in pipes. Estimated pipe flows are corrected with iteration until head losses in the clockwise direction and in the anticlockwise direction are equal within each loop. A trial distribution is madearbitrarily but in such a way that continuity equation is satisfied at each juction. With the assumed value of Q, the head loss in each pipe is calculated according to the equation Where : head loss r : head loss per unit flow n : flow exponent The net headloss around each loop is calculated. If the net head loss due to assumed values of Q round the loop is zero, then the assumed values of Q in that loop are correct. If this is not the case, then the assumed values of Q are corrected by including a correction à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Q for the flows till the circuit is balanced. The correction factor à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Q is obtained by For turbulent flow, the value of n=2 and hence the correction factor becomes If the value of à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Q is positive, then it is added to the flow in the clockwise direction and subtracted from the flows in the anticlockwise direction. After the correction have been applied to each pipe in a loop and to all loops, a second trial calculation is made for all loops. This procedure is repeated till à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Q becomes negligible. 3.0 Flow in Pipe Network analysed using Hardy Cross method 4.0 Advantages The Hardy Cross method is useful because it relies on only simple math, circumventing the need to solve a system of equations. Without the Hardy Cross methods, engineers would have to solve complex systems of equations with variable exponents that cannot easily be solved by hand. The Hardy Cross method iteratively corrects for the mistakes in the initial guess used to solve the problem. Subsequent mistakes in calculation are also iteratively corrected. If the method is followed correctly, the proper flow in each pipe can still be found if small mathematical errors are consistently made in the process. This method is based on the successive addition of flow-rate corrections in each branch, in order to achieve satisfaction of energy conservation along every path in the network. The easiness of building a new network or modifying an existing one allows the engineer to readily observe how small changes in the network configuration may produce interesting results such as a flow reversal in a certain branch. 5.0 Conclusion Distribution system is a network of pipelines that distribute water to the consumers. They are designed to adequately satisfy the water requirement for a combination of domestic, commercial, industrial and fire fighting purposes. In any pipe network, the algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero (there can be no discontinuity in pressure) as well as the flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving that junction; i.e. the law of continuity must be satisfied (Nptel.ac.in, 2014). A good distribution system should provide adequate water pressure at the consumers taps for a specific rate of flow. The pressures should not only be great enough to adequately meet fire fighting needs, but should also not be excessive due to pressure leakages which is cost-effective. However, in tall buildings, booster pumps are required to elevate the water to upper floors. Moreover, distribution system of purified water should be completely water-tight and the purity of distributed water should be maintained. Maintenance of the distribution system should be easy and economical. Even, during breakdown periods of pipeline, water should remain available. If a particular pipe length is under repair and has been shut down, the water to the population living in the down-stream side of this pipeline should be available from other pipeline. The distribution pipes systems should not be placed under highways, carriage ways as they will obstruct any traffic flow, but should be laid under foo t paths. Figure 1: Pipe network for Municipal water distribution systems in cities (Scribd.com, 2014) 6.0 References Gupta, R.K., 2005. A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. 9th ed. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. Nptel.ac.in, (2014).Objectives template. [Online] Available at: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/FLUID-MECHANICS/lecture-36/36-3_pipe_soln_hardy.htm [Accessed on 27 March 2014]. Nptel.ac.in, (2014).Water Supply Network Design. [Online] Available at: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT KANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%2015.htm [Accessed on 27 March 2014]. Pdhengineer.com, (2014).The Hardy Cross Method and its Successors in Water Distribution PDHengineer Course EN-2034. [Online] Available at: http://www.pdhengineer.com/catalog/index.php?route=product/productproduct_id=1320 [Accessed on 31 March 2014]. Scribd.com, (2014).Pipe Network Analysis using Hardy Cross method. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/42173408/Pipe-Network-Analysis-using-Hardy-Cross-method [Accessed on 29 March 2014]. https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/8169/1/obra.pdf) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Cross_method

A simple index number :: Economics

A simple index number Index numbers is a number that expresses the relative change in price, quantity, or value from one period to another (1). Price index number = cost of basket in current period x 100 cost of basket in base period An index number provides a quantitative description of change over time - how much increase? How much decrease? Market researchers are also using index numbers are also using index numbers to compare a research result with an overall norm, to measure how the investment, specially in advertising industry, are working. How changes in these figures are related to the current economy as advertising is promoted as an engine that drives the economy rather than a supplement? 2. A composite index 2.1 Laspeyres Price Index The most commonly used weighted price index is the Laspeyres Price Index named after its inventor. It is a weighted aggregate price index that uses the quantities in the base period/ year as weights (Harper, 1991,p215). In essence, Laspeyres price index for the year measured shows the extent of price changes since base year on the assumption that the expenditure pattern was the same in the year measured as in base year. Thus, only price is allowed to change and the index for the current period reflects this price. 2.2 Paasche Price Index Another weighted price index is the Paasche Price Index, which uses the current quantity weights and adjusts the base each time a new period is considered. It is a weighted aggregate price index that uses the quantities in the current year as the weights (Harper, 1991,p215). Paasche price index shows the changes assuming the expenditure pattern was the same in base year as in the year measured. 2.3 Advantages and Limitations Both the Laspeyres index and the Paasche index have advantages and limitations, as indicated following: 2.3.1 Advantages Laspeyres index  · Easy to calculate.  · The Laspeyres index is the more convenient to use on a continuing basis, because the weights of base year remain fixed.  · It can be easier and cheaper to produce since the only quantities required are for the base period.  · Laspeyres where the same base weights can be used for a number of periods making it less demanding of data. As the weights don't change period to period (fixed basket) it can be considered to show exclusively price (or quantity) change (1). Paasche index -------------  · Uses quantities from the current period, thus reflects current buying habits 2.3.2 Limitations Laspeyres index  · It cannot be used if quantities are unobtainable.  · Laspeyres, as time moves on the fixed basket becomes less relevant. Paasche index  · There can be a mass of statistical data requirement, as Paasche

Current foreign Relations with Africa Compared to Past Administrations Essay

The recent visit of President Obama to Africa particularly in Ghana and how he was received in that country is a reflection of the United States’ current foreign relations to Africa. Apparently, the U. S. foreign relation with Africa under the Obama administration is reflected in the following words spoken by the president before the Parliament in Accra, Ghana’s capital. Quoting the President’s word, Peter Baker puts it, â€Å"†¦But I can promise you this: America will be with you every step of the way, as a partner, as friend† (Baker). The US foreign policy as outlined in the president’s message was that the American support to African development efforts is dependent on how Africa takes it responsibility for its own problems. This is clearly depicted in the President’s words as cited by Baker, â€Å"We must start from the simple premise that Africa’s future is up to Africans† (Baker). Obama emphasized that the US support on Africa is primarily because of a functioning democracy and honest governance as he warned that â€Å"No country is going to create wealth if its leaders exploit the economy to enrich themselves, or police can be bought off by drug traffickers. † Furthermore, he said â€Å"No business wants to invest in a place where the government skims 20 percent off the top, or the head the head of the port authority is corrupt. No person wants to live in a society where the rule of law gives way to the rule of brutality and bribery† (Baker). Citing the statement of Representative Donald Payne, head of the House sub-committee on Africa, Baker points out that the Obama foreign policy, as Payne predicted, will likely to â€Å"concentrate on things that would prevent terror like higher education† rather than on the U. S. war on terror (Gettleman) Africa has always been important in the United States’ foreign policy in view of the former USSR’s interests in the Red Sea through which oil flawed to the Red Sea from the Middle East. This importance is reflected in Alan Dobson and Steve Marsh assertion that during the Reagan administration, â€Å"His reinvigoration of the cold war caused him †¦more than any other Cold War US President to Africa in colors of red versus the star-spangled banner rather than the black versus white† (Dobson & Marsh 93). The issue behind the Cold War between the United States and USSR relating to the interest of these two world powers has generated the importance of Africa in the US foreign policy not in an effort to counter the threat of communism in the region, through spreading promoting the blessings democracy in this former slave colony. Apparently, the Carter period sees domestic turmoil as caused by the communist adventurism and implemented a policy of â€Å"bringing about democracy† in Africa† (Adar). Compared to these previous foreign policies, although the Obama government embarked on preventive similar measures, the circumstances demanding for such concerns were a bit different. The situation confronting Africa during the Cold War period was critical because of the threat of communism to reign over the continent, while the situation in Africa confronting the Obama administration is the existence of evils in our world. Baker noted that one evil in Africa that Obama came to fight â€Å"is pernicious mix of greed, famine, and war that has kept Africa down† (Baker). The U. S. foreign relation to Africa during the Cold War era viewed democracy as essential component of the US foreign involvement in Africa. According to Korwa Adar, both the Reagan and Bush Sr. ’s administration viewed â€Å"the issue of democracy and human rights† (Adar, par. 14) as the main agenda in their foreign relation’s policy with Africa. Although the Obama administration also emphasized on the role of ‘functioning democracy’ in his foreign relation policy with Africa, the Obama administration stressed on the issues of corruption and tyranny in the government as the main issues held by the government as primary responsibility of the government to resolve, whereas, both the Reagan and Bush Sr. administration pointed out the human rights violation and the containment of communism as their main agenda in their foreign policy. Regarding the Clinton administration, Adar pointed out that the Bush administration’s efforts on the issue of human rights and democracy â€Å"were carried on by President Clinton† (Adar par. 17). Adar argued that even though the US had no foreign policy towards Africa prior to Clinton presidency, the existing policy during that time was to provide support to leaders â€Å"on the basis of anti-communist or anti-apartheid rhetoric more than their actions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Adar, par. 16). The Clinton administration strengthened its commitment as part of his foreign policy, its commitment to human rights. Adar cited that in response to violence and killings of innocent people by the Abacha regime in Nigeria, Clinton cutoff $450, 000 in the US aid in military training and $11 million in grants. In comparison, although the Obama government is also dealing with insurgencies, as Representative Payne earlier cited, the Obama government policy to be implemented in Africa will not likely be about the ‘US fight on the war on terror’, but it will be on preventing the breeding of terrorist and terrorism through providing opportunity of having higher education. Thus, the Obama government foreign policy will likely to yield better results than the previous governments. Obviously, the big difference was that his ethnic origin with Africa placed his foreign policy towards Africa make all the difference because it is based not only shared political ends, but on his shared heritage with Africa. Work Cited Adar, Korwa G. â€Å"The Wilsonian Conception of Democracy and Human Rights: A Retrospective and Prospective. † African Studies Quarterly: The Online Journal for African Studies. Date Retrieved: July 14, 2009. http://web. africa. ufl. edu/asq/v2/v2i2a3. htm Baker, Peter. â€Å"Obama Delivers Call for Change to a Rapt Africa. † July 11, 2009. The New York Times. July 14, 2009. http://www. nytimes. com/2009/07/12/world/africa/12prexy. html? em Dobson, Alan P. $ Marsh, S. US Foreign Policy Since 1945. New York: Routledge 2001 Gettleman, Jeffrey. â€Å"Obama in Africa: Welcome Back, Son. Now Don’t Forget Us. † July 11, 2009. The New York Times. July 14, 2009. http://www. nytimes. com/2009/07/12/weekinreview/12gettleman. html? ref=africa

The Natural Cafe Essay

The Natural Cafe Essay The Natural Cafe Essay Vanessa Wiley English VO1A Evaluating Essay The Natural Cafà © Now-a-days everyone is looking for a way to eat healthier meals. More and more you’ll see vegetarian and vegan restaurants becoming the â€Å"it† place to eat. While we all want to eat healthier, a lot of us don’t have the time to cook meals ourselves every night and are forced to eat out. The Natural Cafà © is a fantastic restaurant to go to for a healthy, reasonably priced meal, but lacks in traditional restaurant customer service. The Natural Cafà © is a small chain of restaurants based throughout Ventura County that serves health hearty meals with organic ingredients. It is open every day for lunch and dinner and they have pick up and to-go orders as well. The restaurant is very earth friendly and recycles all of their glass, cans, and paper. As you walk in the door of the restaurant they have really set the tone for a serene and calm setting. There are very high ceilings and splashes of earth tone colors, like green and deep yellows and oranges and brown, cover the walls. There are plenty of spacious dining tables to choose from once you order. The booths are wooden and not too comfortable to sit in but it gives to that nature feel in the dining area. Like most cafà ©s there is seating outside as well. The outside seating area has patio heaters with tables and chairs with padding. For the vegetarian or vegan, they have a variety of different veggie options and for the meat lovers they offer entrees from a great chicken enchilada to an even better turkey burger. They also offer natural sodas, made-to order fresh fruit and vegetable smoothies, and also beer and wine. Everything is prepared fresh daily. When you pay to eat at a restaurant, you should be waited on from the time you step foot in the door. There should be a hostess there to greet the customer, show them to their table and handed a menu. At The Natural Cafà ©, you are in charge of seating yourself after ordering your meal at the counter. That can be good for the customer that likes the freedom to sit where they please. There is no one waiting at the door to greet you; instead, you will be greeted by an employee standing in the opposite direction behind a cash register that will let you know where you can grab a menu and when you are ready, she will take your order at the counter. This is informal for the customer that would like to relax and take their time to sit down and think about what sounds good on the menu without being rushed. The menus are usually hanging in a slot on the right side just before you walk down toward the cashier. The cashier is very friendly and if you have questions about something on the menu the employee is more than happy to answer it. They are very aware of what ingredients are used and how it tastes. After giving your order at the counter, you’re given a number to be set at your table. This is so that the person bringing out your food will know what order is yours. To some people, that could be impersonal and considered rude to the paying customer. Also, if there were a waiter that took the order at the table the waiter sat them at, the food would come out faster and hotter because that waiter would know whose table to bring it to and not have to look all over the restaurant for your number on the table. The food should look appetizing and taste delicious. Not everyone wants to eat healthier unless it looks and tastes tempting. The Natural Cafà © does a great job at making their entrees look presentable and the smell of the juicy Gobbler Burger-which is a popular item on the menu- lets you know it’s going to taste amazing. This meal is served on an ov al shaped glass plate that comes in a variety of different earthly colors to go with the â€Å"nature† theme. The burger is made of ground turkey that is char-broiled and topped with grilled red onions, lettuce, tomato, and sprouts and served on a whole wheat bun with 1000 island dressing and you can add cheese if you’d like. On

Construction Safety essays

Construction Safety essays Over 100 Million Workers Count On OSHA The mission of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is to save lives, prevent injuries and protect the health of America's workers. To accomplish this, federal and state governments must work in partnership with the more than 100 million working men and women and their six and a half million employers who are covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. OSHA and its state partners have approximately 2100 inspectors, plus complaint discrimination investigators, engineers, physicians, educators, standards writers, and other technical and support personnel spread over more than 200 offices throughout the country. This staff establishes protective standards, enforces those standards, and reaches out to employers and employees through technical assistance and consultation programs. Nearly every working man and woman in the nation comes under OSHA's jurisdiction (with some exceptions such as miners, transportation workers, many public employees, and the self-employed). Other users and recipients of OSHA services include: occupational safety and health professionals, the academic community, lawyers, journalists, and personnel of other government entities. OSHA is determined to use its limited resources effectively to stimulate management commitment and employee participation in comprehensive workplace safety and health programs. At OSHA, we are dedicated to improving the quality of our efforts and know that to be successful we must become an agency that is driven by commitment to public service. The first step is for OSHA to listen and respond to its customers. Accordingly, we conducted a survey to learn more about what employers and employees think of OSHA's services. Because workplace inspections are one of OSHA's principal activities and because voluntary efforts to improve working conditions ultimately depend on strong enforcemen...

Business and Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

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Euthanasia Essay Example for Free

Euthanasia Essay What is euthanasia? The simplest definition of euthanasia is just a painless death (Euthanasia). The word is most commonly used with when speaking about an animal that is suffering, â€Å"Oh what happened to your dog? † â€Å"He was unbearably ill so we had him euthanized. † However, euthanasia does not always apply to animals; it can be used in regard to any organism, including human beings. When humans put down animals there is never the question of why we should do it. The animal is most likely suffering and has very little to live for, and the decision to euthanize an animal is a much easier decision to make by virtue of it not being a human. But what if it were a human life? What if a fully autonomous individual wished for a painless release from their suffering? Would you let them do it? Would you intervene? How can you say whether or not that their decision is right when you have never experienced what they are? However, the overall arching question to euthanizing humans is, should it be legal? When ether was first used on October 16th, 1846 doctors of that time began to use the pain killer to relieve patients suffering at the ends of their lives (Accidental Inventions). It took only twenty-four years before a man named Samuel Williams proposed using the anesthesia to intentionally end an individual’s life. Williams’s suggestion sparked an argument that would last till the current day. However, a very heated portion of the debate on euthanasia took place in the thirty-five years following Williams’s assertion. The debate reached its peak in 1906 when a bill was pushed in Ohio to legalize euthanasia (the bill was defeated) (Emanuel). After 1906 support for euthanasia waxed and waned depending on the economic and political events of the time (i. . support was high during the great depression but then took a major blow when it was discovered to be used in concentration camps) (http://euthanasia. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=000130). However, the history of euthanasia dates back much farther than just its debate in America. In fact, the issue of euthanasia dates back to the Roman Empire where physicians often preformed ‘mercy killings’ for patients (the doctors that did this were also doing it in violation of their Hippocratic Oath). After the Roman Empire the practice of euthanasia declined as the now dominant religion of Christianity opposed it. The following several hundred years saw a mostly one sided argument on euthanasia, until Samuel Williams began pushing for it in 1870. The following 130 years would see the most turmoil the debate on euthanasia had ever experienced, most of the argument taking place in America. Societies supporting euthanasia were formed, bills were proposed, economic climate changed people’s view of it, war changed their view again, petitions were made, and arguments over patient’s rights were had. After nearly 1900 years of nothing but opposition support for euthanasia picked up and fought back. The debate climaxed during the 1990’s with Dr. Jack Kevorkian starting to euthanize terminally ill patients who requested it of him. Dr. Kevorkian’s first assisted suicide took place on June 4th, 1990 and it wasn’t his last. Over the next eight years Dr. Kevorkian performed many euthanasia procedures the last being in November 1998 where Kevorkian showed the euthanization of a man on national T. V. , resulting in his arrest and his conviction the following year (Dowbiggin). Now, thirteen years after his conviction, Kevorkian is still a well known name, but whenever his name is used it is generally in a negative context. But should a man who helped so many people have his name sullied in such a manner? With Kevorkian’s arrest and conviction the major debate on euthanasia began to die down, leaving thirty-four states with laws that explicitly make euthanasia illegal, nine states with euthanasia governed by common law, five states have unclear laws regarding it, and only two states with legal euthanasia (Oregon and Washington) (Assisted Suicide Laws State by State). But should those be the only two states who allow their citizens the right to a graceful death? Should only 1/25 of the United States be given an option that should be available to all of the country? The lack of a legal euthanasia processes in forty-eight of the fifty states is an infringement upon United States citizens rights as human beings. In addition to completely fulfilling citizen’s civil rights a legal practice of euthanasia would save many people (including the government) money, and performing a euthanization would not even conflict with a doctors Hippocratic Oath as some people claim. The United States Constitution was written with the goal to set up a strong government that guaranteed the individual rights of her citizens. It states that citizens are granted â€Å"†¦certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. †(The Declaration of Independence). Should euthanasia not fall under the right to pursue happiness? When an individual is terminally ill their quality of life generally declines as they come to the nd of their life. A cancer patient who has struggled for years and is now losing their valiant battle will unfortunately not come to a graceful end. As the cancer cell begin to multiply and take over its victims can experience uncontrollable vomiting and voiding of the bowels, relentless pain, excessive bleeding from the smallest of cuts, drowning in their own bodily fluids, or dying from another horrific disease that slipped by the suppressed immune system (Orac). These are all possible deaths that one could experience from cancer, and not one of them is appealing, nor are these deaths limited to cancer alone there are many other types of ailments that can result in just as unpleasant deaths. If a patient is suffering from one of those diseases their last days alive will most likely be some of their most unpleasant. The unfortunate truth is that people suffering in such manners will most likely have little to no happiness left in their lives. There is only one path that can lead to some measure of happiness for those meeting such an unpleasant demise and that path is a graceful death. So if being released from one’s suffering brings happiness shouldn’t it be protected by the U. S. Constitution? In addition to the preamble of the Constitution supporting euthanasia there are two amendments in it that also support euthanasia. The Eighth Amendment states that there will be no â€Å"†¦cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. † (The United States Constitution). That amendment was established in order to prevent any torturing of prisoners; however, torture is defined as â€Å"extreme anguish of the body or mind; agony† and is that not the same denying someone euthanasia and letting them suffer for the remainder of their days (Torture)? The Ninth Amendment can also be considered as a safeguard for the rights of the terminally ill as it protect rights of any people not specifically mentioned in the Constitution (The United States Constitution), this can include the rights of the terminally ill to die. In order to protect the Constitutionality of euthanasia a federal law would have to be established that creates a legal euthanasia process. Such a law would be closely modeled after the laws in Oregon which sets out a specific outline for who can apply for euthanasia. This outline states that the individual must make three requests to die (two verbal and one written), be terminally ill with no more than six months to live, certified by two doctors that it is a serious request, checked to make sure that they aren’t mentally incompetent or epressed, informed of possible alternatives, and finally made to wait fifteen days to think it over (Euthanasia – Oregon’s Euthanasia Law). When a patient has finally gone through all of that the doctor then prescribes a deadly dose of barbiturates which the patient is allowed to pick up at their leisure and have the freedom of deciding whether or not to take it (A New Fight to Legalize Euthanasia). Such a law would limit any abu se as there is currently little to no abuse in Oregon already (Top 10 Pros and Cons). Even with a small amount of abuse the population of Netherland continues to support their euthanasia laws (Zurich Rejects ban on Suicide Tourism). However, even with strong Constitutional support and the experience of both a state and a country there is currently no push for a euthanization law in Congress, even though studies show that over 80% of adult American citizens support euthanasia (A New Fight to Legalize Euthanasia). Euthanasia is not only beneficial in the sense that it should be a civil liberty, but also it is economically beneficial. As cold and callous as that may sound euthanasia is a much cheaper, and much more pleasant, alternative to other treatments. The drugs required to euthanize an individual cost between $35 and $45 (Mathews) whereas the first six months of treatment for cancer range from $2,568 to $24,204 depending on the cancer type and severity (Costs of cancer Treatments). The cost for someone with leukemia is even greater, paying up to $150,000 for the first round of chemotherapy (Benzene and Leukemia). Those aren’t one time costs either, cancer treatments and treatments for other terminal illnesses can last for months or years and can rack up hospital bills in the range of hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars. The real question though is who has to foot the bill? Well, for fifty million Americans who don’t have health insurance the answer is themselves, meaning they’re paying out of pocket thousands of dollars that they probably don’t have (Christie). There are also the people who are on Medicare or Medicaid who are now costing the government massive amounts of money for a treatment that may not work and could easily bring about more pain and suffering for a patient and their family. So if there is a family who can’t afford the treatments for a relative, and that relative has decided that there is no more they want to do with their life and that they are at peace and don’t want to spend months or years suffering horrendously, then that relative can choose an option that costs a mere $35 and saves hemselves from suffering and their family for descending into un-escapable debt (or pushing the government further into debt). Some of the opposition of euthanasia springs from the belief that euthanasia would break a doctor’s Hippocratic Oath as the general idea behind the Hippocratic Oath is the preservation of life. It is true that a version of the Hippocratic Oath says â€Å"I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Top 10 Pros and Cons). Another version of the oath has a similar statement, â€Å"†¦avoiding the twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. That same version of the Hippocratic Oath also reminds the doctor to remember the effects a treatment could have on a patients relatives (Tyson). While the Hippocratic Oath may say it that a doctor should avoid ‘over-treating’ a patient it also says that â€Å"I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures that are required†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tyson). Well if the only benefit left to a dying patient is to do so with poise and dignity s hould euthanasia not be required (only if first requested by the patient of course)? Also, since the oath asks that a doctor keep in mind the effects on a patient’s relatives, shouldn’t a doctor be allowed to euthanize a willing patient to prevent the emotional scarring of watching a loved one die slowly and painfully? As for the preservation of life in the Hippocratic Oath one must ask, at what point is the life really worth living? When a patient reaches a certain degree of agony preserving their life would do more harm than good (Top 10 Pros and Cons). Though technically the Hippocratic Oath would actually be a non-issue, and there are two reasons for this. The first reason is that under the laws in Oregon (that a federal law would be modeled after) a doctor would not technically end the patient’s life; they would merely prescribe a lethal dose of barbiturates which the patient then takes (A New Fight to Legalize Euthanasia). The second reason is that since there are currently multiple versions of the Hippocratic Oath shows that it is an active and malleable document and subject to change at any point. Euthanasia is a touchy topic with many excellent points on both sides of the argument. Some people take issue with it for religious reasons and others condemn it for its use in Nazi death camps (Arendt, 53). But the only question that should be asked about legalization of euthanasia is, can you make that decision for everyone else? Should you make that decision for anyone when you haven’t experienced what they have? Unless everyone goes through the horrendous events that some of the terminally ill go through each day, there is no reason to not give them the freedom of a choice.